云南自考《刑法学》之名词解释
发布时间：2025/08/30 83人阅读
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一、刑法基本原则

  1. 罪刑法定原则

    • 定义：法律明文规定为犯罪行为的，依照法律定罪处刑；法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处刑。

    • 要求：禁止类推解释，禁止溯及既往，明确犯罪与刑罚的法定性。

  2. 罪责刑相适应原则

    • 定义：刑罚的轻重应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应，即"重罪重罚，轻罪轻罚"OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  3. 适用刑法平等原则

    • 定义：对任何人犯罪，在适用法律上一律平等，不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。

二、犯罪构成

  1. 犯罪构成

    • 定义：决定某一具体行为的社会危害性及其程度，为该行为构成犯罪所必需的一切主客观要件的有机统一。

  2. 犯罪主体

    • 定义：实施危害社会行为、依法应负刑事责任的自然人或单位，需具备刑事责任能力OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  3. 犯罪主观方面

    • 定义：犯罪主体对自己行为及危害结果的心理态度，包括故意（直接故意、间接故意）和过失（疏忽大意、过于自信）OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  4. 犯罪客体

    • 定义：刑法所保护而为犯罪行为所侵害的社会关系，如人身权利、财产关系等OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  5. 犯罪客观方面

    • 定义：危害行为及其结果，包括作为与不作为，以及行为与结果之间的因果关系。

三、犯罪形态

  1. 犯罪预备

    • 定义：为了犯罪准备工具、制造条件，因意志以外原因未着手实行犯罪的情形，可比照既遂从轻、减轻或免除处罚OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  2. 犯罪未遂

    • 定义：已着手实行犯罪，因犯罪分子意志以外的原因未得逞，可比照既遂从轻或减轻处罚OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  3. 犯罪中止

    • 定义：在犯罪过程中自动放弃犯罪或有效防止犯罪结果发生，未造成损害的免除处罚，造成损害的减轻处罚OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  4. 共同犯罪

    • 定义：二人以上共同故意犯罪，包括主犯、从犯、胁从犯、教唆犯等形式OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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四、刑罚制度

  1. 主刑

    • 种类：管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死刑OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  2. 附加刑

    • 种类：罚金、剥夺政治权利、没收财产、驱逐出境（仅适用于外国人）OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  3. 累犯

    • 一般累犯：被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚，刑罚执行完毕或赦免后5年内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的故意犯罪OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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    • 特别累犯：危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、黑社会性质组织犯罪再犯。

  4. 自首与立功

    • 一般自首：犯罪后自动投案，如实供述自己的罪行OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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    • 特别自首（准自首）：被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人如实供述司法机关未掌握的罪行OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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    • 立功：犯罪分子揭发他人犯罪行为或提供重要线索，从而得以侦破其他案件。

  5. 减刑与假释

    • 减刑：对认真遵守监规、接受教育改造的罪犯，适当减轻刑罚OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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    • 假释：对被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的罪犯，在执行一定刑期后附条件提前释放OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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五、特殊犯罪概念

  1. 正当防卫

    • 定义：为使国家、公共利益、本人或他人权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，采取制止行为造成损害的不负刑事责任；特殊防卫权对严重暴力犯罪可无限防卫OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  2. 紧急避险

    • 定义：为避免正在发生的危险，不得已损害较小法益的行为，不负刑事责任；但职务上负有特定责任的人不适用OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  3. 想象竞合犯

    • 定义：一个行为同时触犯数个罪名，从一重罪处罚。

  4. 结果加重犯

    • 定义：实施基本犯罪行为，导致加重结果，刑法加重处罚，如故意伤害致人死亡。

六、刑罚执行

  1. 缓刑

    • 定义：对原判刑罚附条件不执行的制度，适用于被判处拘役或3年以下有期徒刑的罪犯，考验期内未犯新罪或违反规定则原判不执行OPT%3ATOOLBAR_STYLE%400

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  2. 数罪并罚

    • 原则：先并后减（对判决宣告前未处理的漏罪）或先减后并（对判决宣告后发现的漏罪）。

云南自考备考建议

  1. 重点掌握：犯罪构成四要件、犯罪形态（预备、未遂、中止）、刑罚种类与适用、共同犯罪形式。

  2. 真题示例：

    • 名词解释：简述"犯罪中止"的成立条件及法律后果。

    • 简答题：比较"犯罪预备"与"犯罪未遂"的主要区别。

  3. 教材参考：以张明楷《刑法学》（2014年版）为主，结合云南自考大纲要求。


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